Discuss lock-and-key theory of enzyme-substrate interaction giving Essay

Discuss lock-and-key theory of enzyme-substrate interaction giving specific example to illustrate theory. Include the effects of substrate concentration, pH cha - Essay Example Enzymes have active sites which interact with the substrate. The structure of the active site is unique for that respective substrate. Just as a uniquely shaped key will only fit in to and open a matching lock, so it is with enzymes and their substrates. The wrong key may fit in to the lock, but nothing can happen because the match of shapes is not correct. This fit is so specific that the change in a single hydrogen atom in a molecule makes it lose its specificity to a particular enzyme. This means that it may not bind to the specific site and even if it does, the enzyme will be unable to do anything chemically to it. The substrate always fits into the enzymes active site and the active site is always a fold or groove in the enzyme. Enzymes are always larger than the substrate and they are flexible so that they can move and fold around the substrate (Refer to Figure.1). This is facilitated by the weak bonds that hold the enzyme in its functional shape. The union between an enzyme an d its substrate is called the enzyme -substrate complex. When a substrate is bound to the active site, particular chemical bonds of the substrate are weakened and the substrate bends. This lowers the activation energy to the point where the heat in the environment is sufficient to supply the activation energy to initiate the reaction (Chapter 7, Metabolism and Biochemistry). If the amount of the enzyme is kept constant and the substrate concentration is then gradually increased, the reaction velocity will increase until it reaches a maximum. After this point, increases in substrate concentration will not increase the velocity. This means that when this maximum velocity had been reached, all of the available enzyme has been converted to the enzyme-substrate complex (Refer to Figure.3). Michaelis developed a set of mathematical expressions to

Law and Morality Essay Example for Free

Law and Morality Essay J. M. FINNIS: Rules made, in accordance with regulative legal rules, by a determinate and effective authority (itself identified and standard constituted as an institution by legal rules) for a ‘complete’ community, and buttressed by sanctions in accordance with the rule-guided stipulations of adjudicative institutions. [1] NATURALISTS ST. THOMAS AQUINAS: A rational ordering of things which concern the common good, promulgated by whoever is charged with the care of the community. [2] SOCIOLOGISTS ROSCOE POUND: Law is more than a set of abstract norms, it is also a process of balancing conflicting interests and securing the satisfaction of the maximum wants with the minimum of friction. [3] WHAT IS MORALITY? No single definition can be offered to describe what morality is, but in general morality can be understood as a rule prescribing between what is wrong and what is wrong. It could also mean a value of the acceptable and unacceptable norm of a given society. Some reserve terms moral and immoral only for the realm of sexuality and use the words ethical and unethical instead of the word moral when discussing how the business and professional communities should behave towards their members or toward the public. [4] RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LAW AND MORALITY 1. The existence of unjust laws proves that morality and law are not identical and do not coincide. 2. The existence of laws that serve to defend basic values, law and morality can work together. 3. Laws can state what overt offenses count as wrong and punishable. 4. Laws govern conduct at least partly through fear of punishment. 5. Morality can influence the law in the sense that it can provide the reason for making whole groups of immoral elections illegal. 6. Law can be a public expression of morality which codifies in a public way the basic principles of conduct which a society accepts. [5] PUBLIC PROSECUTOR v MOHD ROMZAN BIN RAMLI[6] BRIEF EXPLANATION ON THE CASE: Mohd Romzan bin Ramli was charged under the offence of incest under the provision of section 376A of the Penal Code- a person is said to commit incest if he or she has sexual intercourse with another person whose relationship to him or her is such that he or she is prohibited, under the law, religion, custom or usage applicable to him or her, to marry that person; and was sentenced to six years of imprisonment and one stroke of rotan under section 376B(1)- punish with imprisonment between 6 to 20 years and whipping; of the same Code. The accused had committed the crime in between early January 2006 to 26th May 2006 in a room at his house in Kulai, Johor Bharu, Johor. To an 11-year old girl, Nurul Atikah bte Abdul Kadir, which is also his stepdaughter. In 2006, the girl was forced to undress by the accused and was disturbed sexually by him. He had done the disturbance to her several times. In addition, he threatened her not to tell anyone and had beaten her. Father of the victim, lodged a police report after he had noticed changes in his daughter after he had picked her from his ex-wife’s home. After medical check-ups were done by the doctor, the victim suffered from injuries in her private part and was treated by a psychologist. The accused pleaded guilty in front of the judge,Zawawi Salleh in the High Court of Johor Bharu, prosecuted by the Deputy Public Prosecutor, Husmin Hussin (Johor, State Legal Advisor Office). However, his sentences was changed to eleven years of imprisonment and three strokes of rotan, after the case was appealed to the High Court Of Johor Bharu from the Sessions Court Johor Bharu. The sentences were changed as it was unfair to the victim by taking her trauma and injuries into account and the public views about this case. OPINION/CONCLUSION In my opinion, the action of appealing the judgement made by the Sessions Court of Johor Bharu was a just and fair decision. Six years of imprisonment with one stroke of rattan is too little compared to the crime. According to John Austin, he defines law as a command given by a sovereign who may be a King, council or parliament. Such a command in his view is backed by coercion so that any person who violates the law, suffer the pain provided by law. [7] The accused needs to be punished for what he had done to the victim. The victim was just a little, innocent girl compared to him whose already old enough to think about right and wrong. Secondly, punishments for committed crimes are not only to punish the criminals, it is also as a deterrence to the public to not commit the same crime as they will be punished in accordance with the law too. Six years imprisonment and one stroke of rattan are not sufficient enough to deter the crime. As John Austin stated on why do we have to obey the law? It is because of the fear of sanction. Austin view is the fear by which the law, by its coercive power, strikes in the heart of the people is what makes people obey the law. If we remove the element of fear from the law, it would not be obeyed as there would be no deterrence. In other words, if a law is made without sanction, it would be disobeyed. [8] Lastly, after the High Court Judge of Johor Bharu sentenced the accused to eleven years of imprisonment and three strokes of rattan, only then, the justice can be seen. Bentham refers justice as maximum happiness of maximum number of people. [9] The public’s views on the case are also need to be considered. Minimum sentences given could cause an uproar in the society. Even Hart mentioned that justice is a shared concept; everybody wants justice seen and done. This is also supported by the aim of having law is to maintain peace and harmony. [1] M. D. A Freeman, Lloyd’s Introduction to Jurisprudence, page 178. [2] M. D. A Freeman, Lloyd’s Introduction to Jurisprudence, page 143. [3] Hari Chand, Modern Jurisprudence, 1994, International Law Book Services, Kuala Lumpur, page 205. [4] Jacques T. Ethics Theory and Practice, (5th ed. ). New Jersey: Prentice Hall, (1995): 3. [5] Basic Observations on Law and Morality. 10 September 2001. Web. 13 August 2012. [6] â€Å"Public Prosecutor v Mohd Romzan bin Ramli. † Malayan Law Journal, 22nd January 2012. Web. 13th August 2012. . [7] Hari Chand, Modern Jurisprudence, page 72,80,81. [8] Hari Chand, Modern Jurisprudence, page 74. [9] â€Å"Jeremy Bentham. † N. p. Web. 14th August 2012. .

Galileo Galilei Essay -- The Tower of Pisa, On Motion

Galileo Galilei Galileo Galilei was born in the City of Pisa on February 15, 1564. Sir Galileo is the oldest out of his seven siblings (Hightower 10-11). The father of his, is a musician and a wool trader ("Galileo Galilei" par 1-3). As a boy he enjoyed music and painting. He was very intelligent for this age and he constructed mechanical toys for his own merriment (Hightower 10-11). His studies started at a Jesuit Monastery about at age eleven. By the time of age seven-teen he told his father that he wanted to be a monk. Due to his father's wishes he went to medical school, taken out because he didn't want Galileo as a monk ("Galileo Galilei" par 1-3). While in medical school he did poorly and thought his classes were boring. Later he dropped out and studied science and math with many people (Lauber par 3-4). Then he studied much more objects in his lifetime and loved to learn (Hightower 10-14). Soon he achieved this college education but didn’t get a degree (â€Å"Galileo Galilei† p ar 1-3). In the time when he was studying medicine, he made a very important science discovery that started his career. One day at church service on Sunday he looked up at a lamp and the lamp was swinging on a long cord back and forth. Its swing was very regular and he used his own pulse to measure the sing. He noticed even as the swing grew shorter the amount of time for a single was the same. Later he went home and conducted many experiments with different lengths and weights. Then he concluded that the string length affected the swing. Soon he created the pendulum and used the same principle to make a pulsilogia which is a device that measures your pulse (Hightower 17-20). Galileo's success didn't stop there. Just as like many other people Gal... ...o studied magnetism and perfected the compound microscope (Lauber 9-14). Galileo Galilei didn't stop with astronomy after the Pope made him stop and later he was put under house arrest for this. While under house arrest he died and was forgiven much later about this astronomy work by another Pope in the future which was emend. As a lifetime being a scientist he linked physics and astronomy with math, made a book of freedom of the scientific inquiry called Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences, and correctly defined uniform acceleration. He also set forth laws of falling bodies, devolved the mathematical theory of projectile motion, expressed numerous ideas about sound, heat, and light, the relation of mathematics to physics, role of experiment, and the problems of infinite signals in analysis of matter and motion (Drake par 1).

Lesson 8 Key Question Essay

To begin Viewing and critiquing King Lear Act III scene ii, Directed by Richard Ouzounian, written by William Shakespeare, I noticed that overall the production is good, but there are some weaknesses that could be better if a little afford applied and similarly, there are strength that gives the production good features. I watch the scene and I found out that the strengths and weakness of the production are equally analyzable. First I would like to critique the weaknesses in the production: in my point of view, the scene decoration, characters costumes and the severity of storm could be better if a little more afford applied—by blowing up some stuff like leaves, sticks or show the wind whaling wildly and dancing like tornedo and also dressing Lear in most King’s interesting costumes. Also the character that plays the role of King Lear could be older than the current character because he is not old enough to stir up audience emotional. In addition, if the character of fool bertried in thinner guy than current one, it would be more suitable because usually when you imaging a fool, you can see a very quick little guy. Soundly, in the production there are strengths as well –such as intonation, pausing, emphasis, volume, facial expression, and body language. The character of King Lear by applying above techniques used to convey and show relationships between himself, fool, Kent, God; and his stage of madness. For example, when he says, â€Å" Blow winds, and crack your cheeks† (III ii 5) he is look up ward to the sky and it conveys that he is talking to his Lord. Or in other point, he gives hugs and kisses fool â€Å"Come on, my boy. How dost, my boy? Art cold? Which show his new understanding of poor world and his relationship with them. His Voice volume emphasises that he is struggling to keep his sanity. He takes pausing by holding his knees, which shows how the real storm groaning insight him mind and he exposes himself to the weather which show that because of his insight pain he does not feel the outer pain. His restless movement is convincing the audience of his downfall realization. Therefore, by taking inconsideration the above elements, I think this production is consisting of both—weakness and strength, which overall made convention. Support question 11 characters| Scene iv| Edgar (poor Tom)| â€Å"I used to be an honorable devoted servant who curled his hair, wore his mistress’s glove in his hat as a token of her affection, and slept with his mistress whenever she wanted. I swore oaths with every other word out of my mouth, and broke the oaths shamelessly. I used to dream of having sex and wake up to do it. I loved wine and gambling, and had more women than a Turkish sultan keeps in his harem. I was disloyal and violent†¦..† Summary: Edgars’ speeches show the nature of life in the current fallen state if Lear universe. | King Lear| â€Å"O Regan, Goneril, Your old kind father, whose frank heart gave all—Oh, that way madness lies. / Let me shun that.†Summary: even dough Lear’s unexpected and sudden downfall brought him to the statue of insanity; he tries and straggles to stay saint. â€Å"What, has his daughters brought him to this pass?—Couldst thou save nothing? Wouldst thou give ’em all?â⠂¬ (60) Summary: Lear correctly realized his mistake that cause his downfall and he says this to Edgar in very unconscious situation, which shows that he still sees the world in a distorted lens.â€Å"is man no more than this?†¦.Thou ow’st the worm no silk, the beast no/ hide, the sheep no wool, the cat no perfume† (105-107)Summary: Lear is curiously asks the basic question about man’s true nature: as who are we really? He has a new vision of humanity.| fool| This cold night will turn us all to fools and madmen.(78-79)Summary: fool’s speech suggests that—life may never redeem; Lear may have to endure a fallen state permanently.â€Å"prithee, Nuncle, be contented, ‘tis a naughty/ night to swim in† (112-113)Summary: the fool advice Lear to stay warm, otherwise he may literally get cold and die in a story night. | characters| Scene vi| Edgar (poor Tom)| â€Å"When we our betters see bearing our woes,/We scarcely think our miseries our foes./†¦. How light and portable my pain seems now/.. Which makes me bend makes the king bow. / When false opinion, whose wrong thought defiles thee, / In thy just proof repeals and reconciles thee†¦..† (110-115)Summary: By watching the king’s downfall, Edgar got the courage and power to fight for his right and against those who victimize him.â€Å"Tom will throw his head at them.—Avaunt, you curs! /Tooth that poisons if it bite,/Mastiff, greyhound, mongrel grim,/Tom will chase them off.—Go away, you mongrels!/Whether you bite to kill,/Mastiff, greyhound, or ugly mutt,† (65) Summary: Edgar will survive by taking his and Lear’s revenge from their enemies and it doesn’t matter for Edgar that how much their enemies are powerful, and dangerous.| King Lear| â€Å"I’ll see their trial first. Bring in the evidence./(to EDGAR) Thou robà ¨d man of justice, take thy place./(to FOOL) And thou, his yoke-fellow of equity,Bench by his side./(to KENT) â€Æ'You are o’ th’ commission./Sit you too†.(35-40)Summary: showing that a wise king should follow the trial, conference with his wise advisers—read carefully and then issue it. So that be able to judge fairly and stay stable and avoid downfall. Tray, Blanch, and Sweetheart—see, they bark at me.Look at the three little dogs, Tray, Blanch, and Sweetheart—all barking at me.60-65| fool| â€Å"No, he’s a yeoman that has a gentleman to his son, for he’s a mad yeoman that sees his son a gentleman before him.† (10-15)Summary: fool is continuing to remind King Lear of his folly while sending the message to the audience—the Elizabethan was smart that she did not give her power to any gentleman before she is achieved her distinction.

Connecting New Urbanism And Sustainable Development Environmental Sciences Essay

Before the set up of the analytical model, it is a must to analyze the correlativity between the sustainable development, new urbanism, garden metropolis construct and new town construct. So the survey can be more specific and meaningful. First it discuss about the connexion between new urbanism and sustainability. Second, it discuss the about the connexion between the sustainable development and garden metropolis construct. For the following portion, the survey methodological analysis which includes the analytical model, informations aggregation methods and the justification for the indexs and choice of instance survey will be delivered as below. Besides, for easiness of illustration, a flow chart of the survey attack is shown in Figure 1.Connection between new urbanism & A ; sustainabilityThis is a demand to place the relationship between the new urbanism and sustainability by analysing how to societal, economic and environmental sustainability can be achieved through the rules of new urbanism. It can be a strong mention in measuring the sustainability of New Town development in Hong Kong.Social sustainabilitySocial sustainability can see as the four elements. There are societal inclusion, societal equality, societal coherence and societal stableness. Different land usage would be brought different lodging mix in a community. It would convey people from different background and it assist accomplish societal inclusion. Besides societal inclusion can set up harmony civilization in a community. The low-income category can bask a comparable life environment as the rich people do. Besides the bing broad scope of lodging types can convey occupation chances ; it should guarantee hapless can acquire a occupation from it. All in all, Social equality should be achieved by guaranting an equal distribution of benefit and resources. Social coherence is the engagement of citizens in societal life. By the creative activity of walkers friendly environment and unfastened infinite can supply topographic point for societal assemblage and promote interaction. Besides historical and cultural heritage should be good preserved. As a consequence a sense of belonging would be established. Social stableness is critical to supply a harmoniousness environment to occupants. Urban safety is a must in advancing societal stableness. Safety can construe as low offense rate and unemployment rate.Economic sustainabilityEconomic sustainability can be achieved by striking a balance between the production and the ingestion of a community. In other words, to supply a ego contained community to accomplish the economic sustainability. For the production, the lodging mix within the town will convey different type of occupation chances, such as retails, commercial and industrial. So that the different type of people can happen a suited occupation within the town in order to hike the concern. Besides from the point of views of occupants, it can decidedly salvage transit disbursal and the commutation clip. For the ingestion, most likely, as the new town have a distance to the metropolis Centre. It should supply shopping installations for the occupants. It increases the ingestion and boosts the economic system of the new town. Government besides plays a dominant and of import function when sing the sustainability of a new town. For illustration, plan a threshold population to back up the economic feasibleness of the public theodolite system. Besides authorities should supply different supports to hike the concern environment and chances.Environmental sustainabilityEnvironmental sustainability could be achieved by environmental protection, resources preservation. A good planned new town can to the full use and efficaciously utilize the land and can forestall urban conurbation and protect environmentally vulnerable country. For illustration, by supplying sufficient green belt can supply more unfastened infinites for recreational land usage. On the other manus, it can besides advance resources conversation. High denseness development is the characteristic of new town development. High denseness of development favours the public conveyance system. By the debut of environmentally friendly conveyance can decidedly diminish and command air pollution. Besides a good planned public conveyance system can promote occupants to cut down the usage of private auto, consequence in conserving resources cut down dodos fuel ingestion. Furthermore, with a different types of land us within new town, people can run into their demands within new town. They did non necessitate to go to the metropolis Centre. It is decrease the commutation clip. Besides, it encourages cycling and walking within the town, so that it can accomplish the environmental sustainability.Connection between Sustainable Development & A ; Garden City ConceptAs said, fundamentally, sustainable development means to run into the demands of nowadays without consisting the ability of the hereafters coevalss to run into their ain demands and accomplish the balance in the environment, economic system and society. On the other manus, garden metropolis is the beginning of new town construct ; its aims are self-contained and balanced development. With the aims of garden metropolis construct, it should concern with the three countries. In this chapter, it will province out the connexion between the sustainable development and garden metropolis construct.Socia l AspectFor societal sustainability, it chiefly deals with the issues of societal life and sufficient community installations to keep a self-contained community. For community installations, as discuss, garden metropolis construct concern about the sufficiency of community installations, infirmaries, constabulary station and fire Stationss, to keep to self-contained community. On the other manus, sufficient community installations can heighten the societal sustainability of new town. The end of garden metropolis is to develop a balanced town in the facet of economic, societal and environment. The proviso of green belt as an border is utile in supplying a high criterion life environment. Furthermore, the original end of new town is to supply a self-contained community and balanced development. So that occupants can bask higher populating standard. On the other manus, sustainable development negotiations about the quality of life which the construct is similar to new town construct and garden metropolis construct.Economic AspectHarmonizing to Garden City Concept, it proposes production and ingestion should be in the same topographic point. Besides, by be aftering different types of land usage within the town, for illustration, commercial land usage ; it can supply different employment chances to local occupants. It can heighten the economic sustainability and carry through the end of self-containment. Harmonizing to the theoretical account of Garden City, it clearly shows the form, sequence and location of different land utilizations. Community installations are located at the chiseled town centre. It can move as a focal point of the community and it can heighten a strong sense of belonging. Besides, harmonizing to the garden metropolis construct, it stated the bound of maximal population. Therefore, this can hold better resources allotment..Environment AspectFor garden metropolis construct, it concerned the life environment to the rural countries. For the new town in Hong Kong, there are many environment steps to command the air pollution, noise pollution and H2O pollution and supply a better life environment. For the sustainable development, all the environment protections should be done in order to supply a pleasant environment for our following coevals. For the garden metropolis construct, the border of the town is surrounded by a green belt. For the new town, saving of green belt and natural environment are besides the major issue, there are plentifulness of green belt and besides organize an border for some of the new towns. It can supply a pleasant and harmony environment. For the garden metropolis construct, it is suggested that the town should be linked with the railroad web. Besides pathway and bike way are well-planned to associate up within the town. For the new town, it besides suggests that the usage of rail-based development, environmental-friendly conveyance for illustration, bikes, so that it can cut down the usage of energy ingestion, heighten the environmental sustainability.DecisionThe outgrowth of garden metropolis construct, new urbanism and sustainable development are indispensable to supply better life environment. After the survey of these constructs, the analytical model can be set to measure the sustainability of new town development in Hong Kong.Analytic modelGiven the significance of new town constructs and popularity of new town, in the first portion of the survey, literature reappraisal about sustainability, new town construct and the Principles of New Urbanism will be by and large reviewed. In the 2nd portion of the survey, new town development in Hong Kong will be illustrated under the same model used in the old portion. For put to deathing a utile rating, a full and clear statement of standards is a must. In order to explicate a typical set of rating standards for new town public presentation in Hong Kong, the pertinence of the rating standards will be based on the Principles of New Urbanism, Hong Kong Planning Standards & A ; Guidelines, and the SUSDEV 21 Indexs. By utilizing the three different criterions, the more accurate and convincing rating can be found. In regard of each identified standard, appropriate measuring yardsticks will besides be determined for bespeaking new town public presentation. In the 3rd portion of the survey, the public presentation of the selected instance, Tai Po, will be evaluated. Tai Po New Town will be analyzed in two degrees. They are the major degree and the micro degree. The rating consequences will exemplify the extent of new towns in accomplishing the aims. Last, recommendation will be given to acquire better be aftering to NDAs.STUDY GOALLiterature ReviewPrimary DataSecondary DatasInterviewHKPSGThe Principles of New UrbanismSustainability Indexs( SUSDEV 21 )New Town Planning start from 1970sEvaluation OF CASE STUDY-TAI PO NEW TOWNMarco LevelFORMULATE A SET OF EVALUATION CRITERIASustainabilityNew Town ConceptNew UrbanismRECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONData CollectionSurveyMicro LevelChart 4.1: Flow Chart of Study ApproachEvaluation Criteria and Evaluation IndexsBy and large, the aim of this survey is to reexamine the sustainability of new town development in Tai. Po. After the literature reappraisal on the old new town plan in Hong Kong, I do bel ieve physical planning is the most cardinal portion and give birth to the development of new town. So to transport out a utile research, it is meaningful to transport out a survey chiefly concentrate on the planning issues. In order to transport out meaningful survey, foremost, it is a must to place all the cardinal issues. Second, from the cardinal issues, it should be able to abstract some indexs from the cardinal issues. Third, the standards should be comprehensive, utile and have supportive grounds to demo the direct linkage between the indexs and standards. After the literature reappraisal, I would wish to utilize the measurement theoretical account that set up by Kan ( 2008 ) as a base. The ground that I choose her theoretical account is that her theoretical account is base on the rules of new urbanism. In her theoretical account, she summarizes all the cardinal points from each degree and identifies all the cardinal issues and put indexs to mensurate it. This is rather similar to my preliminary planning, as I would wish to analyze the sustainability in the position of physical planning. Furthermore, in order to transport out a more comprehensive survey, base on Kan ‘s theoretical account, Hong Kong Planning Standards & A ; Guidelines ( HKPSG ) , 2030 Evaluation Criteria, SUSDEV 21 Indicators will function as a mention and criterion to modify some indexs and standards.MARCO LEVELKEY THEMESEVLUATION INDICATORSEvaluation CRITERIAEnvironmental QualityAir Pollution The sum of pollutant should run into the criterion from Environment Protection Department ( EPD )Environmental Friendly Transport MeasuresNumber of Stations Provided At least one station should be provided for each major vicinity in every new town to let 10-minutes walking trip Resident ‘s Satisfaction Towards Fares of Public Transit The higher the occupants ‘ satisfaction towards the menus of public theodolite, the most sustainable it is Time Required to Travel to City Centre The shorter the clip required to go to the metropolis Centre, the more sustainable it isHigh Density DevelopmentDomestic Plot Ratio A maximal domestic secret plan ratio of 5 should be applied for any new town development in Hong Kong Residents ‘ Satisfaction Towards Built Form and Quality of the Environment The higher satisfaction towards built signifier and quality of the environment, the more sustainable it isPreservation of Green BeltAreas that Zoned Under â€Å" Green Belt † Around 25 % to 40 % of the land within a New Town should be zoned for environmental preservation that needs to accomplish environmental sustainabilityProvision of Open SpaceAreas that Zoned Under â€Å" Open Space † Around 10 % to 15 % of the land within a new town should be zoned for recreational and leisure chase that needs to accomplish environmental and societal sustainabilityWell Defined Town Centre and EdgePresence of Town Centre A town Centre that can run into occupants ‘ day-to-day necessities demands should be provided Presence of Edge Manmade barriers and natural barriers should be provided to make a well defined borderTable 4.1 Key Themes, Evaluation Indicators and Criteria at the Marco LevelMICRO LEVELKEY THEMESEVLUATION INDICATORSEvaluation CRITERIAWalkable and Cyclable EnvironmentUser Friendly Cycling Paths and Bicycle Parking Areas The higher the use of bike waies and bike parking countries per hebdomad, the more sustainable it is Connectivity Between Residential Estates and Neighbourhood Centre Presence of uninterrupted prosaic pavements and prosaic crossings Presence of Bridgess and metrosBalanced Mix Of HousingRatio of Population and Housing Mix A 50:50 split between private and public lodging should be adopted to develop a sustainable new townSufficiency of Various Types of Open SpaceTypes and Areas of Open Spaces Provided Green unfastened infinite within residential estates should be providedMix of Activities and ServicesTypes of Activities and Services Offered Social, educational, retail, medical, cultural and transit activities should be provided within the vicinity Residents ‘ Satisfaction Towards Mix of Activities Provided The higher the occupants ‘ satisfaction degree towards the mix of activities the vicinity, the more sustainable it isCompact NeighbourhoodWalk-to Time and Distance to Transit Stations and Major Shopping Centres Walking clip should be within 10 proceedingss to let easy walking Walking distance should be within 1000m to let easy walkingTable 4.2 Key Themes, Evaluation Indicators and Criteria at the Micro LevelMICRO LEVELKEY THEMESEVLUATION INDICATORSEvaluation CRITERIADistinctive Design of Public BuildingsDesign of Public Buildings in Tai Po New Town Creation of landmarkPreservation of Historical HeritageBeing of Preserved Historical Building and Landscape To look at the ranked historic edifices and the declared memorials in Tai Po New townTable 4.3 Key Themes, Evaluation Indicators and Criteria at the Micro LevelJustifications of Selected New TownRecent old ages, there are several paperss or theses related to the rating of first and 3rd coevals of new town. They are normally making the comparing between the first coevals and the 3rd coevals of new town. In no uncertainty, this is good to hold such theses with the end of doing betterment planning in the hereafter. On the other manus, the clip spread between first and 2nd coevals is comparatively short comparison with others, so it finds that the 2nd coevals of new towns is ever being ignored. There is a deficiency of comprehensive theses to mensurate or reexamine the 2nd coevals of new towns. In order to acquire an overall reappraisal of different coevals of new towns, so that it can complement with other bing rating of new town development between the first and the 3rd coevals. Therefore, it is a must to hold a deep rating of the 2nd coevals of new town. Tai Po is the 2nd coevals of new town. Tai PO New Town, covers a development country of about 2898 hectares for current population of 292 600, is the biggest graduated table along the 2nd coevals of new town ( Civil Engineering and Development Department, 2009 ) . With such sort of graduated table of development, it is utile to carry on an rating in it.Data CollectionData aggregation can be divided into two parts. They are the primary informations and secondary informations.Primary DataSite VisitsSite Visits will be conducted in Tai Po New Town to roll up the primary informations. Besides photos will be taken for a clearer account.SurveiesSurveies will be conducted to obtain occupant ‘s sentiment about the sustainability of their living topographic point. Surveies were carried out on 15th-17th February 2010 from 12p.m to 6p.m. the entire sample size is 100 occupants which live in Fu Ming Sun. A questionnaire has been set for this specific study activity ( See Appendix ) .Interv iewSupplying an alternate beginning to carry on the qualitative information, a societal worker who works in Tai Po Community Center will be interviewed.Secondary DatasDesktop ResearchTo specify the range of survey, the desktop researches chiefly come from the books, diaries from library. To explicate the rating standards and rating of the new town, informations from Outline Zoning Plans, the authorities planning papers and paper, Census and Statistics.DecisionThe methodological analysis can acquire a comprehensive reappraisal of the selected new town.

College Education Geared Towards a Specific Career Essays

College Education Geared Towards a Specific Career Essays College Education Geared Towards a Specific Career Essay College Education Geared Towards a Specific Career Essay College Education Geared Towards a Specific Career Would you buy certain groceries just because the store says you need them in order to purchase your other items, when you know you will never eat them? Throughout life, phrases such as â€Å"do not spend money on things you do not need† and â€Å"money does not grow out of trees† are commonly heard, because the previous generation has hopes of teaching unknowledgeable not to spend money wastefully. It is interesting how even though someone can be taught something all their lives, when faced in the ultimate situation, they fail. College students spend thousands in loans, scholarships, and pocket money taking classes they do not need just to get enough credit hours to advance to the next grade level. College itself is an expensive investment, why spend extra money if it is not needed? Just like the example, it does not seem logical for the college community to spend money towards taking class that will not prepare them for the specific career they came to college to pursue. Being a college student is the opportunity for many to have their first experiences of the good, the bad, and the ugly in life. College life is a promotion of freedom, which is exerted by making one’s own decisions such as choosing their classes, times, and deciding whether they should attend or not. Just as in high school, there are courses that are deemed a necessity in order to graduate,the only difference is in high school one doesn’t pay for those classes. College board states that â€Å"Public four-year colleges charge, on average, $7,605 per year in tuition and fees for in-state students. The average surcharge for full-time out-of-state students at these institutions is $11,990. Whether it is one or six classes, the majority of students will never use the information acquired in those extraneous classes for their esteemed career. If the primary purpose of a college education was to prepare for a specific career, less money, time, and energy would be spent. Going to college and taking classes with the sole purpose of constructing a foundation for one’s career not only saves persona l money, but it boosts the economy. By eliminating the unnecessary classes, the overall cost of the college or university goes down. When the cost goes down, students save more money which turns into more money in personal savings accounts. The more money in personal savings accounts means the bank has more money to lend out to businesses. Businesses’ having more capital translates into more jobs. Having more jobs never hurt anyone, and nor will going to school with the primary intent to prepare for a career. America is known as a country of opportunity. People from all around the world strive to come to America and live the quintessential American dream. Although America may be the home of opportunity, it has its downfalls. America is set up in a manner in which an individual must have one of two situations to be considered successful, they must come from a wealthy family, or have a college education, and neither or those are a guarantee of success. The United States basks in glory because of their appearance to other countries when they should focus on following in the footsteps of one of its top competitors, China. China has an education system unto which all types of citizen have the possibility of succeeding. All Chinese citizens must attend school for a minimum of nine years. After the required schooling, students can decide whether to take an entrance exam to go on to what they call senior or mid-level schools, or if they are not the school type of person, they have the option of specializing in a particular area of work. While going on to the higher levels of schooling, the Chinese teach their students only what is required of their profession. When students specialize in the particular subject they wish without taking anything other than those classes, it can be analyzed by China’s past, and current success that they will always succeed. That is why China â€Å"[stands] as a leading civilization, outpacing the rest of the world. † All in all, the United States needs to embrace their country of boundless opportunities and use college as a stepping stone to achieve the future successes of the world, rather than a meaningless form of spending money just to say they did. Works Cites CIA The World Factbook. Welcome to the CIA Web Site - Central Intelligence Agency. Web. 27 Jan. 2011. . College Costs Average College Tuition Cost. College Admissions SAT University College Search Tool. Web. 27 Jan. 2011. .

Correcting Run-On Sentences Proofreading Practice

Correcting Run-On Sentences Proofreading Practice This exercise will give you practice in identifying and correcting run-on sentences. Before attempting the exercise, you may find it helpful to review how to  correct a run-on sentence with a period or semicolon  and  correcting run-ons through coordination and subordination. The following paragraph contains three run-on sentences (fused sentences and/or comma splices). Read the paragraph aloud and mark any run-on sentences that you find. Then correct each run-on according to the method you think is most effective. When you have completed the exercise, compare your corrections with the following paragraph below it. Run-On Sentence Exercise Why I Had to Get Rid of the Monster Although I am a dog-lover by nature, I recently had to give away my three-month-old retriever, Plato. I had several good reasons for doing so. A few months ago I picked up the dog at the Humane Society as a Christmas gift for my girlfriend. Alas, she dumped me on Christmas Eve I was left to console myself by caring for the dog. Thats when my true misery began. For one thing, Plato was not housebroken. Throughout the apartment he left little mementos, staining rugs and furniture and fouling the air, he would burrow under any newspapers I laid down for him. To make matters worse, his untamed potty habits were supported by an insatiable appetite. Not content with a sack of Kibbles n Bits every day, he would also gnaw at the couch and shred clothes, sheets, and blankets, one night he chewed up a friends new pair of clogs. Finally, Plato simply wasnt happy being cooped up by himself in a small apartment. Whenever I left, he would begin whimpering, and that soon turned into furious barking . As a result, my neighbors were threatening to murder both me and the monster, as they took to calling him. So, after six weeks of life with Plato, I gave him away to my uncle in Baxley. Fortunately, Uncle Jerry is quite accustomed to animal feed, waste, noise, and destruction. Corrected Version of Run-On Sentence Paragraph Below is the corrected version of the paragraph used in the exercise above. Why I Had to Get Rid of the Monster Although I am a dog-lover by nature, I recently had to give away my three-month-old retriever, Plato. I had several good reasons for doing so. A few months ago I picked up the dog at the Humane Society as a Christmas gift for my girlfriend.  Alas, when she dumped me on Christmas Eve, I was left to console myself by caring for the dog.  Thats when my true misery began. For one thing, Plato was not housebroken.  Throughout the apartment he left little mementos, staining rugs and furniture and fouling the air. He would burrow under any newspapers I laid down for him.  To make matters worse, his untamed potty habits were supported by an insatiable appetite.  Not content with a sack of Kibbles n Bits every day, he would also gnaw at the couch and shred clothes, sheets, and blankets. One night he chewed up a friends new pair of clogs.  Finally, Plato simply wasnt happy being cooped up by himself in a small apartment. Whenever I left, he would begin whimpering, and that soon tur ned into furious barking. As a result, my neighbors were threatening to murder both me and the monster, as they took to calling him. So, after six weeks of life with Plato, I gave him away to my uncle in Baxley. Fortunately, Uncle Jerry is quite accustomed to animal feed, waste, noise, and destruction.

Create Activity Night Opportunities for Families

Create Activity Night Opportunities for Families While students in grades 7-12 may be testing their independence, parents and caregivers may feel as though they are becoming less necessary. Research shows, however, that even at middle school and high school grade levels, keeping parents in the loop is critical to each students academic success. In the 2002 research review  A New Wave of Evidence: The Impact of School, Family, and Community Connections on Student Achievement,  Anne T. Henderson and Karen L. Mapp conclude that when parents are involved in their children’s learning both at home and at school, regardless of race/ethnicity, class, or parents’ level of education,  their children do better in school. Several of the recommendations from this report include specific types of involvement including learning-focused involvement activities including the following: Family nights focused on content areas (arts, math, or literacy)Parent-teacher conferences that involve students;Family workshops on planning for college; Family activity nights are organized on a central theme and are offered at school during hours that are favored by (working) parents. At the middle and high school levels, students can fully participate as well in these activity nights by acting as hosts/ hostesses. Depending on the theme for the activity nights, students can demonstrate or teach skills sets. Finally, students can serve as babysitters at the event for parents who need that support in order to attend. In offering these activity nights for middle and high school, consideration should be given to the age and maturity of the students in mind. Involving the middle school and high school students when planning events and activities will give them ownership of an event. Family Content Area Nights Literacy and math nights are features in elementary schools, but at the middle and high school schools, educators can look to feature specific content areas such as social studies, science, the arts or technical subject areas. The nights could feature student work products (EX: art shows, woodcraft demonstrations, culinary tastings, science fair, etc.) or student performance (EX: music, poetry reading, drama). These family nights could be organized and offered school wide as large events or in smaller venues by individual teachers in classrooms. Showcase Curriculum and Planning Nights While much attention has been been on the curriculum revisions taking place nationwide  to align with the Common Core State Standards, individual school district curriculum changes are what parents need to understand in planning academic decisions for their children. Hosting curriculum nights in middle and high school lets parents preview the sequence of study for each academic track offered in the school. A overview of a schools course offerings also  keeps parents in the loop  on  what students will learn (objectives) and how measurements for understanding will be done in both  formative assessments  and in summative assessments. Athletic Program Many parents are interested in a school districts athletic program. A family activity night is an ideal venue to share this information for designing a students academic course load and sports schedule. Coaches and educators at each school can discuss how parents should be aware of the time commitments required of participating in a sport, even at the intra-mural level. Preparation of coursework and attention on GPAs, weighted grades, and class rank given in advance to parents of students who wish to participate in college athletic scholarship programs is important, and this information from athletic directors and guidance counselors can begin as early as 7th grade. Conclusion Parent involvement can be encouraged through family activity nights that offer  information on a variety of relevant topics such as those listed above. Surveys to all stakeholders (educators, students, and parents) can help design these family activity nights in advance as well as provide feedback after participation.  Popular family activity nights can be repeated from year to year.   Regardless of the topic, all stakeholders, share responsibility in preparing preparing students for college and career readiness in the 21st Century. Family activity nights are the ideal venue to share critical information tied to this shared responsibility.

Retail Supply Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Retail Supply - Essay Example Most of the pedestrians that patronize the streets around the Bay Aledaide Centre are those people who work in the Discovery District in close proximity to educational centers and hospitals. Examples of educational centers in the neighborhood of the Bay Centre include the University of Toronto and the Ryerson University. More than 65 per cent of residents in this area comprises of the working class in the age bracket of 25-64, which is considerably higher than the City’s average of 57 per cent (Figure 2). Figure 2: Population by Age Walking along the streets, it is notable that the intersection neighboring Yorkville at Bay is a center of expensive shopping, which attracts a large proportion of the upper class income earners who lives in the expensive neighborhoods of the city. The majority of the malls along this street sell expensive clothing and household products. The Bay street is largely used for transportation – it is served by the route 6 Bay bus. Other areas inc luding the streetcar tracks, which extends from College street and Dundas are used for diversions and and short turns (Bow 12). Table 1 below shows how Bay Adelaide Centre neighborhood differs from the rest of the Toronto city. HIGHER LOWER MUCH LOWER % of Children (0-4) % of Children (5-14): % of Youth (15-24): % of Seniors (65+): Dependency Ratio: (20%) Total Population Change Table 1: How this neighborhood compare with the rest of Toronto PART B: Yorkville east of Avenue Road Yorkville is commonly known for its shopping activities. The city of Toronto annexed it from a former village. It is neighbor to Davenport road to the north, Bloor Street to the south, Avenue road to the west, and Yonge Street to the east. Officially, the strip is considered as part of The Annex vicinity. The strip is one of the city’s most fashionable shopping centers. It is surprisingly one the the world’s most expensive streets, with rent per square foot ranging from $300 by 2008. Yorkvilleà ¢â‚¬â„¢s has very expensive and fashionable restaurants, shopping and boasts of hosting the first five star hotels in Canada. Compared with the rest of Toronto, the percentage of children below four years is lower, youth is the same, seniors is higher, and the total population change is the same (Table 2). HIGHER LOWER MUCH LOWER SAME % of Children (0-4) % of Children (5-14): % of Youth (15-24): % of Seniors (65+): Dependency Ratio: (30.2%) Total Population Change Table 2: How this neighborhood compare with the rest of Toronto The fashionable boutiques include Gucci, Burberry, Hugo boss, Louis vuitton, Ermenegildo and Betsey among many other upscale designer boutiques. Many companies have their flagships located along this street, including Town Shoes, Gucci, Harry Rosen, Lacoste and Channel [4]. Recently, mid-market retailers have flocked Bloor street, including La Senza, Winners and French Connection. Yorkville is notably known for its luxurious shopping streets. The demand along Bloor street is very high, hence making the rent to shoot very very high. The majority of the retailers is independent (80%), who put a lot of efforts to meet these demands. The number of professional services and offices are extremely high, which services leading companies such as Canada Post, Retail Council of Canada, IBM Canada, Showcase television and consultants from different countries. The majority of the pedestrians are working age who also form the largest proportion of the shoppers (Figure 3). Figure 3: Population by

UNIT 1 science Individual project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

UNIT 1 science Individual project - Essay Example This revolution meant replacing the economy, which was built on manual labor, to one which is dominated by industry and by manufacturing machinery. This, in turn, led scientists to build more and more machines, tools and buildings with new function, which decreased the workload of workers but also had a negative affect on nature (HighBeam Encyclopedia, 2004). This led to the latter of the revolutions- the Environmental Revolution. The environmental revolution is something which has been taking place and occurring more lately. Since the quantity of research and data proving how detrimental some technologies and machines are is abundant, more and more people are opting to fight for the noble cause of trying to heal our planet and to uproot and stop those responsible for the ecological degradation and increasingly more imminent destruction of our world. These people are called environmentalists, and their purposes include minimizing pollutions, preserving and protecting nature from detrimental people, machines and buildings and fighting to add more ecologic-friendly laws to the constitution and by doing so, legitimizing and reinforcing their claims by legislation. This revolution is closely and tightly bound to the term environmentalism, which is "a concern for the preservation, restoration and improvement of the natural environment, such as the preservation of natural resources, prevention of pollution, and cer tain land use actions". This activism for nature and ecology was first recorded in India 400 years ago, when Indian men embraced death in order to protest and try to stop the cutting of trees in their forest by the kings men of that region. Modern environmentalism started in the mid to late 19th century in the United States with two preservationists starting to fight for the environment. One of them was a writer who writings were read by millions, and therefore became more known to

TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY COMPARISM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY COMPARISM - Essay Example Tourism is a new paradigm or entrepreneur development that takes into account tourism as an investment, that improves competitiveness but with greater sensitivity towards social actions and the environment. Sustainability and tourism are in fact two sides of the same coin. They are the results of favoring the best economic results, the best benefits and the best social and environmental impacts to generate development, growth and social well being. The social responsibility of tourism must be contemplated from two main perspectives. From the public sector, tourism is contemplated as a multiplying effect, as a generator of wealth and well being, and concern resolves arou8nd the difficulty that developing countries could have in defending their scenario of development in the industrial area, as tourism is where there is a great source of progress. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a concept whereby organizations consider the interests of society by taking responsibility for the impact to their achievements on consumers, employees, shareholders, communities and the environment in all aspects of their operations. ... al responsibility of business to use its resources and engage in achievements designed to increase its profits as long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engage in open and free competition without deception or fraud. One part of social responsibility is being responsible to people, for the actions of people, and for actions that affect people. Social responsibility is about holding a group, organization or company accountable for its effect on the people around it. People within the company, people working with the company, the community the company is in and those who buy from the company. The idea of being responsible to customers has actually long been imbedded in the ethics of business. The idea of treating a customer with respect and attention is not new particularly in sales and commission based work. What is new is the idea that it's not to profit from the customer, but to genuinely care about what the customer wants and needs. Accountability for people inside a company is something new. Many times when a scandal or irresponsible behavior comes to light in the corporate world the company and those involved often try to distance themselves as much as possible. Cover ups, buy offs and "golden parachutes" all fall under this behavior. Social responsibility would nearly be the opposite of what goes on in the business world today - a company taking the blame and doing what is needed to fix the problem rather than committing more crimes to cover up the first one. Ethics Ethics is a major branch of philosophy is a study of values and customs of a person or group. It covers the analysis and employment of concepts such as right and wrong, good and evil and responsibilities. Ethics are generally perceived as a set of social standards that

History 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History 2 - Essay Example "Keep fear away from me, Varuna, and hold fast to me, O emperor of Order" (Rig Veda 28:6). This line proves that Aryans believed in things that cannot be physically proven like metaphysics and God. Believing in such things can't be adopted as a result of discovering physical evidence in the universe. The Aryan mythology believes that God appears "as embodiments of natural phenomena" and as "allegories of the internal forces in the human bosom" (Schroeder, 1938, p. 60). This idea results in the idea that humans and other natural phenomena are similar to each other (Schroeder, 1938, p. 60). Since god appears as natural phenomena and internal forces, this view made Indo-Aryans love god without the fear that can be found in other religions like Islam. Varuna isn't praised in the Rig Veda as much as God is praised in the Quran. Paul Deussen (n.d.) supports this theory. About this theory he says: "While with the Semites God is above all master and mankind his servant, with the Indogermans [Indo-Aryan] the idea of God as father and mankind as his children prevails" (Schroeder, 1938, p. 61). The 6th line mentions that Aryans fear something and they ask God Varuna to take that fear away. Some lines mention the things that Aryans feared including the 9th line: "Move far from me what sins I have committed: let me not suffer, King, for guilt of others.

The Use of Animal By-products for Human Medicine Term Paper

The Use of Animal By-products for Human Medicine - Term Paper Example ill provide a background of the medical field and will be divided into two parts: the historical and culturally based background, and the prevailing contexts of the general utility of animal-based medicinal products. In the second section, I will discuss the legal and politico-economic dimensions of animal-based products, crucial in the preparation of medicines, with reference to economical, ecological, sanitary and cultural contexts. I will finally end the paper with a conclusive discussion of the future of animal-based products, with regard to the prevailing nature of their extraction and availability, as well as global viability and large-scale application. Here I will delve on why there is a need for consideration, with regard to the sustainable future utility of these products, in the growing global populations. Historical and Cultural Background Animals, as well as animal-derived products, from various parts of their bodies or organs, have through history, constituted an increa singly growing segment of medical substances’ general inventory. Their utility as sources of varying medicines is traceable to early historical times, as showcased through various cultural utilities, with this still being practiced in the field of herbal medicine. Through the aforementioned zoo-therapy, various ailments afflicting man, continue being treated and hence the importance of this form of medication to many populations. Human culture, individually/ uniquely and wholesomely, provides for a structured medical system, which utilizes different animal species, for various medicinal purposes (Costa-Neto and Eraldo 33). Amongst the myriad of therapeutic medical practices carried out within the larger global arena, zoo-therapy constitutes a vital alternative. Cultural and Historical... The paper will be organized into two main sections, which will further display the prevailing contexts influencing the need of anima-based products for human medicine. The first section will provide a background of the medical field and will be divided into two parts: the historical and culturally based background, and the prevailing contexts of the general utility of animal-based medicinal products. In the second section, the author will discuss the legal and politico-economic dimensions of animal-based products, crucial in the preparation of medicines, with reference to economical, ecological, sanitary and cultural contexts. The author will finally end the paper with a conclusive discussion of the future of animal-based products, with regard to the prevailing nature of their extraction and availability, as well as global viability and large-scale application. Here the author will delve on why there is a need for consideration, with regard to the sustainable future utility of these products, in the growing global populations. This paper makes a conclusion that with an increase in the monetary value of animals procured, with the both political and socio-economic can be either positive or negative. Positive if there is greater regulation and conservancy, with the latter resulting from increased poaching and clandestine procurement of animal species. Animal, as well as plant-based medicines, through increased utility in contemporary contexts, provide for a case study of how both western and traditional forms of medication can be incorporated into the overall human health and medical development.

History 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History 2 - Essay Example "Keep fear away from me, Varuna, and hold fast to me, O emperor of Order" (Rig Veda 28:6). This line proves that Aryans believed in things that cannot be physically proven like metaphysics and God. Believing in such things can't be adopted as a result of discovering physical evidence in the universe. The Aryan mythology believes that God appears "as embodiments of natural phenomena" and as "allegories of the internal forces in the human bosom" (Schroeder, 1938, p. 60). This idea results in the idea that humans and other natural phenomena are similar to each other (Schroeder, 1938, p. 60). Since god appears as natural phenomena and internal forces, this view made Indo-Aryans love god without the fear that can be found in other religions like Islam. Varuna isn't praised in the Rig Veda as much as God is praised in the Quran. Paul Deussen (n.d.) supports this theory. About this theory he says: "While with the Semites God is above all master and mankind his servant, with the Indogermans [Indo-Aryan] the idea of God as father and mankind as his children prevails" (Schroeder, 1938, p. 61). The 6th line mentions that Aryans fear something and they ask God Varuna to take that fear away. Some lines mention the things that Aryans feared including the 9th line: "Move far from me what sins I have committed: let me not suffer, King, for guilt of others.

Bank Regulation vis--vis Other Industries Essay

Bank Regulation vis--vis Other Industries - Essay Example Banks do not offer warranty or guarantee for the security of the deposits whereas the majority of other firms provide either a warranty or guarantee for the soundness of their products and services and therefore require less regulation.†¢ Banks do not offer warranty or guarantee for the security of the deposits whereas the majority of other firms provide either a warranty or guarantee for the soundness of their products and services and therefore require less regulation.†¢ As bank investments are not made quite often as compared to the habitual purchase of other goods and services, the consumer gets very little time to observe and learn.†¢ Investments once made in banks seldom offer opportunities to correct the mistakes, whereas greater chances of rectification of errors exist in the firms of other goods and services.†¢ The degree of trustworthiness in the case of banks is not easily accessible as compared to the reliability of most of the firms providing other go ods and services.†¢ Comprehensive knowledge about the soundness and risk ness of the claims offered by the banks is lacking which requires additional regulation of these financial institutions as compared to most of the firms in other industries.†¢ The value can be ascertained only after a considerable period of time and not at the very moment of accepting bank proposals. This adds to the rationale of imposing extra regulation over banks than nonfinancial goods and services where in most of the cases the value can be easily ascertained.

Exam Study Guide Essay Example for Free

Exam Study Guide Essay Attitude is determined by beliefs on performance of the attribute and importance of that attribute To change their attitude on a brand/competing brand change their belief on attribute and their perception of the value of that attribute and add a new attribute to the mix. Classical Conditioning vs. Operant Conditioning vs. Psychoanalytic Research Classical Conditioning (Association) using an unconditioned stimulus to generate an unconditioned response which eventually becomes a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus Pavlov’s Dog Operant Conditioning (Instrumental) behavior is followed by a positive or negative consequence which determines probability of behavior reoccurring Use positive reinforcement to encourage behavior Psychoanalytic Research (Freud) motivation to purchase is determined deep in subconscious mind Need qualitative research- in depth interviews, focus groups, etc. Source Attributes Power Ability to reward or punish recipient through their perception of source’s power based on recipients perceived control/scrunity/concern of the source over them Can induce to respond to their position Credibility Expertise (experience,skill) trustworthiness (honest) Attractiveness Similarity btwn source and recipient Familiarity through repeat exposure Likeability through affection for source caused by looks/behavior/traits Elaboration Likelihood Model Ways consumers change/form attitudes in response to persuasive messages Routes to attitude change Central highly motivated/able to process message, pays close attention Peripheral less motivated/able to process message, pays attention to peripheral cues not message Ex. An attractive endorser Meaning Transfer Model Celebrity effectiveness as endorser dependent on meaning culture has associated with them and how they are brought into the endorsement process Ex. Status, class, age Stage 1: Culture Objects/persons/context popular to culture transferred into meaning associated with popular celebrity Stage 2: Endorsement Cultural meaning of celebrity Celebrity transferred onto Product Stage 3: Consumption Product is consumed by consumer transfer meaning of product onto consumer Consumer Decision Rules Simplified Heuristics rule of thumb used to make quick decision Affect Referral Decision Rule overall impression instead of detailed comparison Non- Compensatory short cut to making a choice, a product with low standing on one attribute can’t compensate by being better on another attribute and is eliminated Compensatory allow product to make up for lack on one attribute by being better at another Response Hierarchies Traditional Hierarchy of Effects Alternative Response Hierarchy FCB Planning Model Traditional Hierarchy of Effects Model Stage 1: Cognitive Stage (Learn) Awareness Knowledge Stage 2: Affective Stage (Feel) Liking Preference Conviction Stage 3: Behavioral Stage (Do) Purchase Alternative Response Hierarchies Based on level of involvement in purchase and perceived level of differences in alternatives Learning Model High involvement, high differentiation- learn then develop attitudes then behave based on Cognitive (learn) Affective (feel) Conative (do, action) Dissonance/Attribution Model High involvement, low differentiation- behave first then develop attitudes then learn/process the behavior Conative(do) Affective (feel) Cognitive (learn) Low Involvement Model Low involvement, both high and low differentiation- learn first, then behave, then develop attitude Cognitive (learn) Conative (do) Affective (feel)

Healthy Biscuit Industry India

Healthy Biscuit Industry India India Biscuits Industry is the largest among all the food industries and has a turnover of around Rs.3000 crores. India is known to be the second largest manufacturer of biscuits, the first being USA. It is classified under two sectors: organized and unorganized. Bread and biscuits are the major part of the bakery industry and covers around 80 percent of the total bakery products in India. Biscuits stand at a higher value and production level than bread. This belongs to the unorganized sector of the bakery Industry and covers over 70% of the total production. India Biscuits Industry came into limelight and started gaining a sound status in the bakery industry in the later part of 20th century when the urbanized society called for readymade food products at a tenable cost. Biscuits were assumed as sick-mans diet in earlier days. Now, it has become one of the most loved fast food products for every age group. Biscuits are easy to carry, tasty to eat, cholesterol free and reasonable at cost. States that have the larger intake of biscuits are Maharashtra, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh. Maharashtra and West Bengal, the most industrially developed states, hold the maximum amount of consumption of biscuits. Even, the rural sector consumes around 55 percent of the biscuits in the bakery products. Health biscuits are also gaining speed in market. It has become the part of the diet of many health conscious people. Many brands like Britannia, sunfeast and Parle are coming up with their variety of health biscuits which are beneficial during sickness or for diabetic people of health conscious people. The following survey is on this section of biscuits. It is done on 200 consumers of health biscuits who are randomly selected. OBJECTIVE OF THE SURVEY The objective of the survey is to find the factor which influences the customers to buy health biscuits of a specific brand. To know the expectations and requirements of all customers regarding health biscuits To find out how the biscuits of different brands are rated by the cosumers.. Also to find out what improvements the consumer wants in this line of biscuits. LIMITATION OF THE SURVEY Some of the respondents were not responding to some of the questions. Some of the respondents dine have so much information about the biscuit and the brand. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The methodology followed for conducting the study includes the specification of Research design, sample design, questionnaire design, data collection and Statistical tools used for analyzing the collected data. FINDINGS Britannia creamcracker is the most preferred health biscuits as most of the respondents buy this biscuits. Most of the respondents buying this biscuit are diabetic patients or they buy to keep themselves fit. Price of the biscuit is also satisfactory and quality wise also its good. Most of the respondents got aware of this biscuits by tv advertisements. The customers want more varieties in this line of biscuits. CONCLUSION After conducting this research it was found that the demand for the health biscuits is increasing and there is a lot of scope in this line. The current situation is that Britannia has the highest sales and demand for it health biscuits and the most demanded biscuit is nutri choise creamcracker. RECOMMENDATION AND SUGGESTIONS There should be more variety of healthy biscuits available. There packaging and advertisement should be taken care appropriately. Taste of these products should also be improved. They should also provide with more schemes and benefits Learning From this study I acquired the knowledge of different factors which affect the customer preference in biscuit market. Also how the respondents rate the product on the given factors.

Reflection on My Portfolio Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

Reflection on My Portfolio Literature has fascinated me from an early age. I was always an extremely active child, yet all I needed to settle down was a good book. The worlds created from the page within my mind were wondrous and amazing. However, I never imagined that I would become an English Literature major in college. Like many others before me, I wasn’t sure what you could do with an English major but teach or write, neither of which I planned on doing. A business or management major seemed much more practical. Despite these misgivings, I knew that I wanted a major that I enjoyed rather than one that was a â€Å"safe bet.† Therefore, when a professor of mine opened my eyes to all of the possibilities, it didn’t take long for me to decide. Now I can confidently say that my English major has given me invaluable experiences and taught me innumerable lessons that will aid me not only in my career life but also in my personal life as well. I have been able to develop my writing a nd creative ability so that no matter where I go or what I do I can make the most of it. I also have the wonderful ability to reflect on my life through examining literature and making connections and reflections in my own life. As I prepare to leave Loras I am confident that my English Literature Major has prepared and fully qualified me for whatever is to come. When it came time to decide which papers to include in my portfolio I was in quite a dilemma. Most of the papers I wrote in my college career were saved electronically. Unfortunately, some technical problems came up and I lost all of these. This setback significantly reduced my options. However, while this hindrance may be considered a tragedy, in reality it turned out to be a... ...ate with an English Literature Major, I know that the Literature has always been a strong theme in my life. Thinking back on me as a child, I see myself stuffing a towel in the crack of my bedroom door so my parents wouldn’t see that the light was on (because I was covertly reading instead of sleeping as I was supposed to). Or looking back to high school, I was voted most athletic, but I wasn’t a typical jock. Rather, I was the student-athlete who carried a book on the bus and read instead of playing cards with the other girls. All of these experiences laid a pattern in my life. Now that I am graduating from college, I see my Literature Portfolio as the culmination of my love of literature; but I do not see it as the end. I know that as I move on in my life, my experiences as a literature major will never leave me and will aid me in everything I do.

Alejandro Quiroz Essay

1. What were two major influences on German Baroque music? How did these factors influence the music? The German Baroque bow and Baroque organ. They both gave the music a new kind of sound that is still represented in the music today. 2. How did music differ before and after Bach? Almost everyone in the piano-playing world would agree that his compositions are light-years ahead of his time, harmonically speaking. He introduced unexpected chord changes of which some were considered blasphemous because it was written for a formal choir. 3. How have the performances of Baroque music changed (in terms of tempo, balance and timbre) from the Baroque period to today? When compared to â€Å"classical† performances, modern performances of Baroque music typically use a slower tempi, a similar balance (although recording studios can disrupt the natural balance sometimes, by pushing the harpsichord into the background) and a flatter timbre due to the instruments used in modern times 4. What is a Baroque spirit when playing music? Baroque spirit expresses enthusiasm. 5. At the bottom of the page that discusses Baroque music performance, there are some examples of music that you can listen to. These examples often use different instruments than we are used to hearing today. What are some of these instruments? How is the sound of the music different than what we might hear today? They use instruments such as harpsichords, lots of violins, and clavichord. People today still sometimes use violins but the beats and instruments sound very different then what we hear today. 6. Who was Arcangelo Corelli? What are some of his contributions to classical music? Corelli was an Italian violinist and composer, Corelli initially he started studying music under a priest in the nearby town of Faenza, and then in Lugo. The style of execution was introduced by Corelli, which is important for violin playing. As the time passed Corelli became a â€Å"iconic point of reference† for other violinist. 7. Who was Gottfried Silbermann? Silbermann and Bach were contemporaries and both of them worked together as colleagues and friends, both of them shared an interest and advanced knowledge of acoustics as applied to the voicing and location of organs. In their later years they would work again on the escapement mechanism for first fortepianos, Silbermann would receive the title of honorary court and state organ builder to the king of Poland and the duke of Saxony at Dresden, probably the most famous aspect of Silbermann’s instruments is their distinctive sound. 8. After listening to some of the music samples, how would you describe Baroque music to someone who had not heard it before? Choose at least one piece of music to discuss in detail. What instruments do you think the work uses? Who composed the work? What does the work sound like?

Drones Essay

At one point in everyone’s life they have felt that they were being watched. Now that feeling may not be just a feeling anymore. The government uses aircraft drones to video and take pictures of other countries to spy on them. Although, the government has started using these drones and other spying devices to watch the United States as well. One day, you may observe a miniature helicopter with cameras or a small plane looking upon the houses of this country’s citizens houses. There is a very good use for these drones as well, â€Å"Police departments in Texas, Florida and Minnesota have already expressed interest in the technology’s potential to detect fugitives on rooftops or to track them at night by using the robotic aircraft’s heat-seeking cameras† (Reporter). The police have already started using helicopter drones to help search for suspects and criminals. The use of drones in residential areas needs to be limited to the use of police to find c riminals that have been sited or thought to have been in that area. The fact that using these drones is helping the police find criminals is good, but spying on the innocent people of the suburbs is an invasion of privacy and unneeded. During the event that the government starts spying on residence for no reason is when these drones become misused. â€Å"FBI director Robert Mueller told congress the agency owns several drones but has not yet formed policies or guidelines on their use. Confirmation that the U.S. is using the surveillance equipment to monitor its own citizens comes after the NSA phone tracking scandal rocked trust in the government† (Jerreat). The head of the FBI has admitted using drones to spy on U.S. citizens very solemnly but after the NSA tracking citizens cell phones without any kind of permission makes it very hard for people to trust anything that the government says. Drones being used violates the fourth amendment because of search and seizure. There is also a chance that these drones could be hacked and taken over. The United States could become a Communist Country if the government continues â€Å"watching† the people of this country with these drones. The government should not be able to spy on United States citizens because these actions violate the people’s rights as individuals. The Fourth Amendment is being violated if drones start flying around watching those who haven’t done anything. Core values such as privacy and protection from the government are always within its sweep. A continuing question, though, is how the demands of its protection apply to an ever-changing  society in which new and pervasive forms of technology are increasingly common.† President Obama signed an FAA bill into law that provides for the integration of â€Å"drones,† or more properly into the nation’s airspace. This has generated legitimate concerns that UAVs could be used by the government in ways that infringe privacy rights†(Villasenor) Although there are many rules and exceptions throughout the Supreme Court’s Fourth Amendment. In short, the Fourth Amendment regulates when, where, and how the government can conduct searches and seizures. The Supreme Court held that police wiretaps of the defendant’s home telephone did not constitute a Fourth Amendment search because the police did not trespass onto a persons property to intercept his or her conversation. One of the modern Fourth Amendment tests relied upon by courts in assessing whether government monitoring constitutes a search. The Court’s thinking at the time was that if the person’s home, property, or papers were not physically invaded, then no search in the constitutional sense occurred. It considers whether the person has a subjective expectation of privacy in the area to be searched and whether s ociety is prepared to deem that expectation reasonable. The technology used by UAVs may be a decisive factor considered by courts in determining whether individuals have an expectation of privacy in the object or area of the drone search. The question, is whether drones have the potential to be significantly more invasive than traditional surveillance technologies such as manned aircraft or low-powered cameras technologies in which have been upheld in previous cases. Some have asked whether using sophisticated digitized platforms on a drone is any different from attaching the same instrument to a lamppost or another traditional aircraft. Technological developments make it increasingly easy to share and acquire personal information about others, oftentimes without their direct knowledge or consent. â€Å"As the American Civil Liberties Union explained in its December 2011 report, the machines potentially could be used to spy on American citizens. The drones’ presence in our skies threatens to eradicate existing practical limits on aerial monitoring and allow for pervasive surveillance, police fishing expeditions, and abusive use of these tools in a way that could eventually eliminate the privacy Americans have traditionally enjoyed in their movements and activities† (Franceschi-Bicchierai). Currently, many states and municipalities employ automatic license plate readers, which are  usually mounted on police vehicles or stationary objects along the streets, to take a snapshot of a license plate as a car drives by, and store this information in a large database for possible later use by law enforcement. It is alleged that these devices can be used to track a person’s movements when police aggregate the data from a multitude of ALPR stations. A majority of the reviewing federal circuit courts have held that a person has no reasonable expectation of privacy in his license plate number. However, it appears th at no federal court has addressed the constitutionality of the use of ALPRs, as opposed to plate numbers collected by a human observer. Nonetheless, the question remains whether attaching an ALP, or any similar sophisticated technology to a drone would alter the constitutionality of its use by law enforcement. Some say yes, arguing that the sophistication of drone technology in and of itself is a unique threat to privacy. Drones are smaller, can fly longer, and can be built more cheaply than traditional aircraft. some drones could theoretically stay in the air forever. Unlike a stationary license plate tracker or video camera, drones can lock on a target’s every move for days, and possibly weeks and months. This ability to closely monitor an individual’s movements with pinpoint accuracy may raise more significant constitutional concerns than some other types of surveillance technology. With this increasing presence and usage of drones, a major concern is developing. Many people consider this advancement in technology as quite controversial. Many people believe that with drone technology in the governmen t’s hand, we will begin to lose our privacy. â€Å"A report on the military’s growing arsenal of unmanned aerial vehicles indicates that approximately 31% of all US military aircraft are now drones† (Boyle). if all of these drones that the military is using were hacked then who knows what might happen. With no restrictions on drones, governments have the power to monitor its citizens invading their privacy. Without any restrictions on drone technology, it can be expected that you will no longer have any privacy. Along with these privacy concerns, there are also great areas of concern in the subject of security and drones. Drones run the risk of becoming hacked therefore making them possible security risks. In a recent talk on National Public Radio, the topic of hacking of drones was brought up. The method called â€Å"spoofing† has been used to take control of helicopter drones flying over ones head.. Spoofing  is basically matching the signal of the actual controller and then increasing the strength of your signal allowing you to gain control. â€Å"Serial hacker Samy Kamkar turned up in an Arstechnica article yesterday with a pretty interesting hack. He’s put together a system of hardware and software that can be put together to build a drone. From there, that drone finds other drones out and about in operation, hacks the drone and then controls them. It is one of the most innovative drone hacks to ever come out, and it may have many people concerned about the potential malice that could be played out with such a capability† (Casaretto). The fact that it is easy for hackers to take control of these drones and use them for themselves and even take footage from them can be a very dangerous situation. this hacker could find out where you live, who your friends are, and who your family is. The increasing presence of drone technology in today’s society is quite evident. We hear on the news quite frequently of a drone bombing or spying on someone in the war. Not only do we hear about what drones do, we experience the benefits that they provide for us. When we listen to the weather there is a possibly the information is received from an actual drone. Despite the many different types of benefits drones present, drones still present a very serious security and privacy risk. Drone use violates the fourth amendment if used to spy on civilians without actual reason. If the person has an expectation of privacy then that person should have their privacy. The United States people will lose all of their privacy in a matter of years if we allow drone research to continue. One must decide whether the privacy and security risks outweigh the benefits. Works Cited Casaretto, John. â€Å"Drones That Hack Drones.† SiliconANGLE. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2013. Jerreat, Jessica. â€Å"FBI Director Admits Using Domestic Drones to Spy on US Citizens and Says Agency Has No Guidelines for Their Use.† Mail Online. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2013. Reporter, Daily Mail. â€Å"U.S. Government to Use ‘drones the Size of GOLF BALLS to Spy on AMERICAN Citizens'† Mail Online. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2013 Sifton, John. â€Å"A Brief History of Drones | The Nation.† A Brief History of Drones. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. Villasenor, John. â€Å"Will â€Å"Drones† Outflank the Fourth Amendment?† Web log post. Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 20 Sept. 2012. Web. 13 Dec. 20 Boyle, Ashley. â€Å"Drone Information Sources : Annotated Bibliography.† ASP RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2013.

Relative Reactivity of Alkyl Halides

Relative Reactivity of Alkyl Halides Introduction Nucleophilic substitution of alkyl halides can proceed by two different mechanisms – the SN2 and the SN1. The purpose of the experiment was to identify the effects that the alkyl group and the halide-leaving group have on the rates of SN1 reactions, and the effect that the solvent has on the rates of SN1 and SN2 reactions. The SN1 mechanism is a two-step nucleophilic substitution, or unimolecular displacement. In the first step of the mechanism, the carbon-halogen bond breaks and the halide ion leaving group leaves in a slow, rate-determining step to form a carbocation intermediate.The carbocation intermediate is then immediately detained by the weak nucleophile in a fast, second step to give the product. A solution of ethanol with some silver nitrate may be added provided the weak nucleophile – the alcohol. If an SN1 reaction occurs, the alkyl halide will dissociate to form a carbocation, which will then react with the ethanol to form an ether. Since there is not a strong nucleophile present, the cleavage of the carbon-halogen bond is encouraged by the formation and precipitation of silver bromide.The halide ion will combine with a silver ion from the silver nitrate to form a silver halide precipitate, which will advise that a reaction has occurred. + AgBr + NO3- Figure 1: The SN1 mechanism of 2-bromo-2-methylpropane and silver nitrate. The nucleophile would have been ethanol while the silver nitrate would have disassociated to form a silver halide precipitate. The more stable the carbocation, the quicker the reaction. Therefore, SN1 reactions desire tertiary substrates most, followed by secondary, and lastly primary.Because the strength of the nucleophile is unimportant, an ionizing solvent is needed. Water is the best solvent, followed by methanol, ethanol, propanol, and lastly acetone. In experiment two, the tertiary 2-bromo-2-methylpropane was the most favored reactant followed by the secondar y 2-bromobutane, the primary 1-bromobutane, and the primary 1-chlorobutane. This order is determined by whether the molecule is primary, secondary, or tertiary. 2-bromo-2-methlypropane + AgNO3 + (CH3)2CO AgBr + ethyl-t-butylether + isobutylene Figure 2: The SN2 mechanism of 2-bromo-2-methlypropane with AgNO3 in (CH3)2CO.The SN2 reaction mechanism is a one-step, bimolecular displacement in which the bond-breaking and bond-making processes occur simultaneously. The SN2 reaction requires a strong nucleophile. The order of reactivity is the opposite of the SN1 reaction because the nucleophile must attack from the back, and is favored with the least steric hindrance. The halide attached to a primary carbon is easier to attack from the back. In experiment one, the 1-chlorobutane was the most favored reactant followed by the primary 1-bromobutane, the secondary 2-bromobutane, and the tertiary 2-bromo-2-methylpropane.This order is determined by whether the molecule is primary, secondary, or tertiary. â€Å"SN2 reactions are particularly sensitive to steric factors, since they are greatly retarded by steric hindrance (crowding) at the site of reaction. In general, the order of reactivity of alkyl halides in SN2 reactions is: methyl > 1 ° > 2 °. The 3 ° alkyl halides are so crowded that they do not generally react by an SN2 mechanism. †1 1-chlorobutane and NaI-acetone ——> 1-iodobutane + NaCl (precipitate) In general, weaker bases make better leaving groups.SN1 and SN2 reactions show the same trends, but SN1 is more sensitive. The reactants favored in the SN2 mechanism are the opposite of the SN1 reaction. the primary 1-chlorobutane was most favored, followed by the primary 1-bromobutane, the secondary 2-bromobutane, and tertiary 2-bromo-2-methylpropane. Table 1: Table of Reagents with molecular weight, density, melting point, and boiling point. Name| Molecular Weight (g/mol)| Density (M/V)| Melting point ( °C)| Boiling point ( °C)| 2-bromo -2-methylpropane| 137. 02 g/mol| 1. 22 g mL? 1 | -16  Ã‚ °C| 73 °C| 2-bromobutane| 137. 02 g/mol| 1. 55 g mL? 1| -113 °C| 91 °C| 1-bromobutane| 137. 02 g/mol| 1. 2676 g mL? 1| -112  Ã‚ °C| 99-103 °C| 1-chlorobutane| 92. 57 g mol? 1| 0. 89 g/mL | -123. 1  Ã‚ °C| 78 °C| NaI| 149. 89 g/mol| 3. 67 g/cm3| 661  Ã‚ °C| 1304  Ã‚ °C| AgNO3| 169. 87 g mol? 1| 5. 35 g/cm3| 212  Ã‚ °C| 444  Ã‚ °C| Methanol| 32. 04 g mol? 1| 0. 7918 g/cm3| -97. 6  Ã‚ °C| 64. 7  Ã‚ °C| Ethanol| 46. 07 g mol? 1| 0. 789 g/cm3 | ? 114  Ã‚ °C| 78. 37  Ã‚ °C| Propanol| 60. 10 g mol? 1| . 803 g/mL| -126  Ã‚ °C| 97-98  Ã‚ °C| Acetone| 58. 08 g mol? 1| 0. 791 g cm? 3| -93  Ã‚ °C| 56-57  Ã‚ °C,| NaOH| 39. 9971 g mol-1| 2. 13 g/cm3| 318  Ã‚ °C| 1388  Ã‚ °C| Phenolphthalein| 318. 2 g mol? 1| 1. 277 g cm? 3| 260  °C| NA| Experimental For part A, four clean test tubes were acquired and numbered 1-4. Five drops of each of the following reagents were added to the test tubes in numer ical order: 2-bromo-2-methylpropane, 2-bromobutane, 1-bromobutane, 1-chlorobutane. Twenty drops of NaI in acetone were added to each test tube, the time of the first drop was recorded, and the tubes were mixed. The exact time of the first sign of cloudiness in each test tube was noted. The exact time of the first sign of precipitation was noted.If no reaction occurred within five minutes, the test tube was placed in a warm water bath. No color change was observed, only a change in cloudiness of the solutions. For part B, the test tubes were rinsed with ethanol and then the same amount of each alkyl halide was placed into each test tube. Twenty drops of silver nitrate in ethanol was added to each of the four test tubes, and the exact time that the first drop was added to each test tube was noted. The exact time of the first sign of cloudiness in each test tube was noted. The exact time of the first sign of precipitation was noted.If no reaction occurred within five minutes, the test tube was placed in a warm water bath. No color change was observed, only a change in cloudiness of the solutions. For part C, four clean test tubes were acquired and numbered 1-4. 1 mL of 1:1 methanol and water was added to the first test tube; 1mL of 1:1 mixture of ethanol/water was added to the second test tube; 1mL of 1:1 mixture of 1-propanol/water was added the the third test tube; and 1 mL of 1:1 mixture of acetone/water was added to the fourth test tube. Three drops of . 5M NaOH and three drops of 1% phenolphthalein were added to each test tube.Three drops of 2-bromo-2-methylpropane were added to each test tube, and the exact time that the first drop was added to each tube was noted. The tubes were swirled, and the disappearance of the pink color was observed. The final color of each solution was yellow. Results Table 2: Reaction times pertaining to SN2 reactions, SN1 reactions, and the solvent effects on SN1 reactions. Part A (SN2 reaction with NaI)| Time in seconds| 2-bromo -2-methylpropane| 97 seconds| 2-bromobutane| 95 seconds | 1-bromobutane| 71 seconds| 1-chlorobutane| 86. 7 seconds|Part B (SN1 reaction with AgNO3 in ethanol)| Time in seconds| 2-bromo-2-methylpropane| 34. 6 seconds| 2-bromobutane| 49 seconds| 1-bromobutane| 80 seconds| 1-chlorobutane| 905 seconds| Part C (Solvent effects on SN1 reaction with. 5M NaOH and phenolphthalein)| Time in seconds| Methanol/water 1:1| 129 seconds| Ethanol/water 1:1| 97 seconds| Propanol/water 1:1| 93 seconds| Acetone/water 1:1| 90 seconds| Discussion In experiment A, the results followed the trend hypothesized for SN1 reactions in the introduction. The primaries finished first, followed by secondary, and lastly tertiary.The primary 1-bromobutane completed first, followed by the primary 1-chlorobutane. The secondary 2-bromobutane completed third, and the tertiary 2-bromo-2-methylpropane finished last. The 1-bromobutane finished before the 1-chlorobutane because bromine was a better leaving group than chlorine . This is because bromine is bigger and less electronegative than chlorine. Therefore the bromine did not form as tight of bonds with carbon as chlorine, and could more easily leave the group. In experiment B, the results followed the trend hypothesized for SN2 reactions in the introduction.The tertiary finished first, followed by secondary, followed by the primaries. 1-bromo-1-methylpropane finished first because of its tertiary nature. The secondary 2-bromobutane finished second. The primary 1-bromobutane finished third, followed by primary 1-chlorobutane. The rate-limiting formation of the carbocation decided this pattern. The 1-bromobutane finished before the 1-chlorobutane because bromine was a better leaving group than chlorine. In experiment C, the results did not follow the trend hypothesized for the solvent effects on the SN1 reaction.Methanol should have finished first, then ethanol, then propanol, and lastly acetone. The results were the exact opposite; acetone finished f irst, then propanol, then ethanol, and lastly methanol. The boiling points of the solutions were responsible for this result. The bottles containing the solutions must have been left open for a prolonged period of time before use to allow evaporation. The acetone, propanol, and ethanol must have been mainly water, and thus finished earlier than methanol. The first error pertained to experiment C. The results were backwards, and had to have been due to the boiling points of the solutions.The solutions that evaporated the most before the experiment finished quickest because of the ratio of water to the specific solution. The error could have been corrected by remaking the solutions before lab. The second error pertained to experiment B. The experiment was performed twice because the test tubes were not washed with ethanol between uses. The use of water to wash the test tubes sped up the reactions because water was the best solvent for the SN1 reactions. The use of ethanol to wash the test tubes had little effect on the rate of the reactions because it was the third best solvent after water and methanol.Conclusion The purpose of the experiment was to identify the effects that the alkyl group and the halide leaving group had on the rates of SN1 and SN2 reactions, and the effect that the solvent had on the rates of SN1 reaction. The purpose was achieved because the tertiary alkyl group sped up the SN1 reaction most, while the primary alkyl group sped up the SN2 reaction most. The effect of the halide-leaving group was established because bromine was bigger and less electronegative than chlorine, which allowed bromine to leave the group sooner than chlorine due to the less strong bonds of bromine.The solvents’ effect on the rates of the SN1 reaction was due to the encouragement of the cleavage of the carbon-halogen bond, instead of the use of a strong nucleophile. An improvement for the experiment would have been to mix the solvents just before lab to reduce the amount of solvent that boiled off at room temperature. More accurate measurements such as 1 mL measured in the graduated cylinder would have been more precise and consistent than the addition of a specific number of drops. References The SN2 Reaction. University of Texas Educational Website. 11 September 2012. Web. 1 March 2013. http://iverson. cm. utexas. edu/courses/old/310N/spring2008/ReactMoviesFl05%20/SN2text. html Questions 1. What would be the major product if 1-bromo-3-chloropropane was to react with NaI in acetone? Explain. 1-iodo-3-chloropropane would be the major product. This substitution reaction works best for primary alkyl halides. The bromide ion is a better leaving group than chloride ion. 2. In the reaction of 1-chlorobutane with CN-, the reaction rate is increased by the addition of catalytic amount of NaI. Explain the result. The I- ion replaces the Cl to form 1-iodobutane.The iodo group is a better leaving group than the chloro group and hence the reaction g oes faster. 3. What would be the major product if 1,4-dibromo-4-methylpentane was allowed to react with: a. ) One equivalent of NaI in acetone? Iodide is a strong nucleophile but a weak base, so SN2 is the preferred reaction. Only the bromine on C1 is eligible to undergo SN2, so it will be replaced by iodide. b. ) One equivalent of silver nitrate in ethanol? Silver ion tends to receive a halide ion and leave a carbocation, which means E1 and SN1. If there's only one equivalent, then the tertiary bromide on C4 is the one that will go.The resulting carbocation can give: E1 products 5-Br-2-Me-2-pentene (major, trisubstituted) and 5-Br-2-Me-1-pentene (minor, disubstituted). SN1 product 5-bromo-2-ethoxy-2-methylpentane. 4. What causes the color change in part C? The formation of the acid after the addition of the base NaOH and an acid-base indicator may be visibly observed when the reaction has completed. As the reaction proceeds, for every molecule of alcohol produced, there is one mole cule of acid produced as well. This means that as the reaction proceeds the acid begins to neutralize the base, once enough product and